PneumaCult™-ALI Medium
Serum- and BPE-free medium for human airway epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface
Need robust HAECs for differentiation? Begin your workflow by expanding HAECs in PneumaCult™-NGEx Medium for optimal ALI cultures.
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Protocols and Documentation.
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PneumaCult™-NGEx MediumSerum- and BPE-free culture medium for the expansion of human large airway, small airway, and nasal epithelial cells
Overview
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| Safety Statement | CA WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Nickel Compounds which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to |
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Protocols and Documentation
Find supporting information and directions for use in the Product Information Sheet or explore additional protocols below.
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This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.
Resources and Publications
Educational Materials (25)
Publications (121)
Evolutionary loss of an antibiotic efflux pump increases Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing mediated virulence in vivo
Nature Communications 2025 Sep
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human health, yet recent work highlights how loss of resistance may drive pathogenesis in some bacteria. In two recent studies, we found that β-lactam antibiotics and nutrient stresses faced during infection selected for genetic inactivation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic efflux pump mexEFoprN . Unexpectedly, efflux pump mutations increased P. aeruginosa virulence during infection; however, neither the prevalence of mexEFoprN inactivating mutations in real human infections, nor the mechanisms driving increased virulence of efflux pump mutants are known. We hypothesized that human infection would select for virulence enhancing mutations. Using genome sequencing of clinical isolates, we show that mexEFoprN efflux pump inactivating mutations are enriched in P. aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis infections relative to isolates from acute respiratory infections. Combining RNA-seq, metabolomics, genetic approaches, and infection models we show that efflux pump mutants have elevated quorum sensing driven expression of elastase and rhamnolipids which increase P. aeruginosa virulence during acute and chronic infections. Restoration of the efflux pump in a representative respiratory isolate and the notorious cystic fibrosis Liverpool epidemic strain reduced their virulence. These findings suggest that mutations inactivating antibiotic resistance mechanisms could lead to greater patient mortality and morbidity. Subject terms: Antimicrobial resistance, Pathogens, Bacteriology, Molecular evolution
mTOR inhibition impacts the flagellin-augmented inflammatory and antimicrobial response of human airway epithelial cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PLOS One 2025 May
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides a first line of defense against pathogens by release of antimicrobial factors and neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa , a Gram-negative bacterium that expresses flagellin as an important virulence factor, is a common cause of injurious airway inflammation. The aim of our study was to determine the contribution of flagellin to the inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic responses of the airway epithelium to P. aeruginosa . Furthermore, as we previously showed that targeting mTOR limited the glycolytic and inflammatory response induced by flagellin, we assessed the effect of rapamycin on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells stimulated with flagellated and non-flagellated P. aeruginosa. Primary pseudostratified HBE cells, cultured on an air-liquid-interface, were treated on the basolateral side with medium, vehicle or rapamycin, exposed on the apical side with flagellated or flagellin-deficient P. aeruginosa , and analyzed for their inflammatory, antimicrobial, and glycolytic responses. Flagellin augmented the P. aeruginosa -induced expression of antimicrobial factors and secretion of chemokines by HBE cells but did not further increase the glycolytic response. Treatment of HBE cells with rapamycin inhibited mTOR activation in general and flagellin-augmented mTOR activation in particular, but did not affect the glycolytic response. Rapamycin, however, diminished the flagellin-augmented inflammatory and antimicrobial response induced by Pseudomonas . These results demonstrate that flagellin is a significant factor that augments the inflammatory and antimicrobial response of human airway epithelial cells upon exposure to P. aeruginosa and suggest that mTOR inhibition by rapamycin in the airway epithelium diminishes these exaggerated responses.
Influenza-induced microRNA-155 expression is altered in extracellular vesicles derived from the COPD epithelium
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2025 May
Abstract
Influenza virus particularly affects those with chronic lung conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense and primary target of influenza infection and release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs can transfer of biological molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) that can modulate the immune response to viruses through control of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The aim of this work was to profile the EV miRNAs released from bronchial epithelial cells in response to influenza infection and discover if EV miRNA expression was altered in COPD. Influenza infection of air-liquid interface (ALI) differentiated BCi-NS1.1 epithelial cells were characterized by analyzing the expression of antiviral genes, cell barrier permeability and cell death. EVs were isolated by filtration and size exclusion chromatography from the apical surface wash of ALI cultured bronchial epithelial cells. The EV miRNA cargo was sequenced and reads mapped to miRBase. The BCi sequencing results were further investigated by RT-qPCR and by using healthy and COPD primary epithelial cells. Infection of ALI cultured BCi cells with IAV at 3.6 x 10 6 IU/ml for 24 h led to significant upregulation of anti-viral genes without high levels of cell death. EV release from ALI-cultured BCi cells was confirmed using electron microscopy and detection of known tetraspanin EV markers using western blot and the ExoView R100 platform. Differential expression analyses identified 5 miRNA that had a fold change of >0.6: miR-155-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-7-5p and miR-146a-5p (FDR<0.05). Differences between EV, non-EV and cellular levels of these miRNA were detected. Primary epithelial cell release of EV and their miRNA cargo was similar to that observed for BCi. Intriguingly, miR-155 expression was decreased in EVs derived from COPD patients compared to EVs from control samples. Epithelial EV miRNA release may be a key mechanism in modulating the response to IAV in the lungs. Furthermore, changes in EV miRNA expression may play a dysfunctional role in influenza-induced exacerbations of COPD. However, further work to fully characterize the function of EV miRNA in response to IAV in both health and COPD is required.
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Need robust HAECs for differentiation? Begin your workflow by expanding HAECs in PneumaCult™-NGEx Medium for optimal ALI cultures.
Quality Statement:
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT şŁ˝ÇĆĆ˝â°ć, REFER TO WWW.şŁ˝ÇĆĆ˝â°ć.COM/COMPLIANCE.
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT şŁ˝ÇĆĆ˝â°ć, REFER TO WWW.şŁ˝ÇĆĆ˝â°ć.COM/COMPLIANCE.
Safety Statement:
CA WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Nickel Compounds which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to
