BrainPhysâ„¢ Neuronal Medium N2-A & SM1 Kit
Kit for serum-free culture of ES/iPS cell-derived neurons in BrainPhysâ„¢ Neuronal Medium
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What Our Scientist Says
I want to help neuroscientists like you create more physiological culture conditions, for more active and healthy neuronal cultures.
Carmen MakScientist
Overview
Data Figures
Protocols and Documentation
Find supporting information and directions for use in the Product Information Sheet or explore additional protocols below.
Applications
This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.
Resources and Publications
Educational Materials (22)
Publications (53)
Generation of 3D Human iPSC-Derived Multi-Cell Type Neurospheres for Studying Neuron, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk
Bio-protocol 2025 Nov
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) human brain tissue models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have transformed the study of neural development and disease in vitro. While cerebral organoids offer high structural complexity, their large size often leads to necrotic core formation, limiting reproducibility and challenging the integration of microglia. Here, we present a detailed, reproducible protocol for generating multi-cell type 3D neurospheres that incorporate neurons, astrocytes, and optionally microglia, all derived from the same iPSCs. While neurons and astrocytes differentiate spontaneously from neural precursor cells, generated by dual SMAD-inhibition (blocking BMP and TGF-b signaling), microglia are generated in parallel and can infiltrate the mature neurosphere tissue after plating neurospheres into 48-well plates. The system supports a range of downstream applications, including functional confocal live imaging of GCaMP6f after adeno-associated virus (AAV) transduction of neurospheres or immunofluorescence staining after fixation. Our approach has been successfully implemented across multiple laboratories, demonstrating its robustness and translational potential for studying neuron–glia interactions and modeling neurodegenerative processes.
Loss?of?function variants in RNA binding motif protein X?linked induce neuronal defects contributing to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis
MedComm 2024 Sep
Abstract
AbstractDespite being one of the most prevalent RNA modifications, the role of N6?methyladenosine (m6A) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains ambiguous. In this investigation, we explore the contribution of genetic defects of m6A?related genes to ALS pathogenesis. We scrutinized the mutation landscape of m6A genes through a comprehensive analysis of whole?exome sequencing cohorts, encompassing 508 ALS patients and 1660 population?matched controls. Our findings reveal a noteworthy enrichment of RNA binding motif protein X?linked (RBMX) variants among ALS patients, with a significant correlation between pathogenic m6A variants and adverse clinical outcomes. Furthermore, Rbmx knockdown in NSC?34 cells overexpressing mutant TDP43Q331K results in cell death mediated by an augmented p53 response. Similarly, RBMX knockdown in ALS motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) manifests morphological defects and activation of the p53 pathway. Transcriptional analysis using publicly available single?cell sequencing data from the primary motor cortex indicates that RBMX?regulated genes selectively influence excitatory neurons and exhibit enrichment in ALS?implicated pathways. Through integrated analyses, our study underscores the emerging roles played by RBMX in ALS, suggesting a potential nexus between the disease and dysregulated m6A?mediated mRNA metabolism. The dysregulation of m6A modification has gained recognition as a crucial factor in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Among the m6A reader proteins, RNA binding motif protein X?linked (RBMX) stands out with a notable enrichment of variants in ALS patients, and the presence of pathogenic RBMX variants is associated with a faster disease progression. In vitro experiments have provided evidence that reducing RBMX levels can result in neuronal defects. Additionally, bioinformatic analyses have supported these findings by revealing that RBMX?associated genes specifically impact excitatory neurons. Furthermore, these genes are involved in the regulation of pathways and genes associated with neurodegeneration and RNA metabolism, underscoring the relevance of RBMX in ALS pathogenesis.
Modelling Lyssavirus Infections in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cultures.
Viruses 2020 mar
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic neurological infection caused by lyssavirus that continues to result in devastating loss of human life. Many aspects of rabies pathogenesis in human neurons are not well understood. Lack of appropriate ex-vivo models for studying rabies infection in human neurons has contributed to this knowledge gap. In this study, we utilize advances in stem cell technology to characterize rabies infection in human stem cell-derived neurons. We show key cellular features of rabies infection in our human neural cultures, including upregulation of inflammatory chemokines, lack of neuronal apoptosis, and axonal transmission of viruses in neuronal networks. In addition, we highlight specific differences in cellular pathogenesis between laboratory-adapted and field strain lyssavirus. This study therefore defines the first stem cell-derived ex-vivo model system to study rabies pathogenesis in human neurons. This new model system demonstrates the potential for enabling an increased understanding of molecular mechanisms in human rabies, which could lead to improved control methods.
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Legal Statement:
BrainPhys is a registered trademark of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, used under exclusive license.
BrainPhys is a registered trademark of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, used under exclusive license.
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PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT º£½ÇÆƽâ°æ, REFER TO WWW.º£½ÇÆƽâ°æ.COM/COMPLIANCE.
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT º£½ÇÆƽâ°æ, REFER TO WWW.º£½ÇÆƽâ°æ.COM/COMPLIANCE.
Safety Statement:
CA WARNING: This product can expose you to Progesterone which is known to the State of California to cause cancer. For more information go to
